Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State

Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri; Ebi Okorobia; Jiriwari Amonieah; Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

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Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State

Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri^*, Ebi Okorobia, Jiriwari Amonieah, Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo

Published in International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science (Volume 9, Issue 5)

Received: 6 September 2024 Accepted: 27 September 2024 Published: 22 November 2024

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Abstract

The sufficient provision and sustenance of quality water have been of a fundamental consequence in the social and economic developmental activities of humans over the years, especially in Bayelsa state and Nigeria at large, where developmental activities are on the increase. Potable water is essential to humans and animals alike, for personal, communal, industrial and societal uses. This study seeks to investigate the concentration of dissolved minerals, using an integrated approach of VES data and physicochemical analysis of ground water samples in parts of Bayelsa state, south-south Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding was implemented in ten stations and interpreted using IPI2WIN software. The results from the VES interpretation revealed that the area is constituted of four to five geoelectric layers. Four distinct sounding curve types (H, HK, K and KH) were identified; with the H and K type curves being dominant. The dominant curve types show that the area has two main hydrologic regimes (of low and high Iron (Fe) concentration). The results show that in VES stations with K-type curve, the stratigraphy consists of the three to four layers, with varying thickness and corresponding resistivities; with the third or fourth layers identified as the aquifer layer. At H-type curve locations, the stratigraphy consists of the top soil, the clay layer, and the sand layer, which was identified as the aquifer. The physicochemical characteristics of water samples, collected from drilled boreholes in the vicinity of the VES locations of the study area, were analyzed for prominent physical and chemical constituents, including EC, pH, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, SO, NO, and HCO. Physicochemical analysis was achieved using the standard APHA methods and compared with WHO standard. The results showed that the concentration of the chemical constituents varied spatially in the study area. The analysis revealed that 90% of the mean concentration of measured parameters were within the WHO’s standard in all the samples, except for Mn (with a value of 0.532 mg/L) and Fe²⁺ (with a value of 0.88 mg/L) which was seen to be high in five of the boreholes in locations with H-type curves, hence correlating areas of high groundwater contamination to VES stations of the H-Curve type. The high Mn and Fe concentrations in the groundwater of some of the locations, makes the water unsuitable for drinking and may require treatment. Further analysis of the ground water samples, indicated that, Chloride and Sulphate are the predominant anions while, Calcium and Magnesium are the predominant cations in groundwater within the study area.

Published in	International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science (Volume 9, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
Page(s)	107-122
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vertical Elecrical Sounding (VES), Hydrochemical, Crystallization, Lithologic, Groundwater and Geoelectric

References

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[36]	Amakiri. A. R. C. (2019). Hydrogeophysical Characterization of the Alluvial Aquifers in Parts of Bayelsa State, South– South Nigeria. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt. Nigeria.
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Amakiri, A. R. C., Okorobia, E., Amonieah, J., Otugo, V. N. (2024). Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, 9(5), 107-122. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

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ACS Style

Amakiri, A. R. C.; Okorobia, E.; Amonieah, J.; Otugo, V. N. Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Int. J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 9(5), 107-122. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

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AMA Style

Amakiri ARC, Okorobia E, Amonieah J, Otugo VN. Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Int J Energy Environ Sci. 2024;9(5):107-122. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13,
  author = {Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri and Ebi Okorobia and Jiriwari Amonieah and Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo},
  title = {Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State
},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {107-122},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijees.20240905.13},
  abstract = {The sufficient provision and sustenance of quality water have been of a fundamental consequence in the social and economic developmental activities of humans over the years, especially in Bayelsa state and Nigeria at large, where developmental activities are on the increase. Potable water is essential to humans and animals alike, for personal, communal, industrial and societal uses. This study seeks to investigate the concentration of dissolved minerals, using an integrated approach of VES data and physicochemical analysis of ground water samples in parts of Bayelsa state, south-south Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding was implemented in ten stations and interpreted using IPI2WIN software. The results from the VES interpretation revealed that the area is constituted of four to five geoelectric layers. Four distinct sounding curve types (H, HK, K and KH) were identified; with the H and K type curves being dominant. The dominant curve types show that the area has two main hydrologic regimes (of low and high Iron (Fe) concentration). The results show that in VES stations with K-type curve, the stratigraphy consists of the three to four layers, with varying thickness and corresponding resistivities; with the third or fourth layers identified as the aquifer layer. At H-type curve locations, the stratigraphy consists of the top soil, the clay layer, and the sand layer, which was identified as the aquifer. The physicochemical characteristics of water samples, collected from drilled boreholes in the vicinity of the VES locations of the study area, were analyzed for prominent physical and chemical constituents, including EC, pH, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, SO, NO, and HCO. Physicochemical analysis was achieved using the standard APHA methods and compared with WHO standard. The results showed that the concentration of the chemical constituents varied spatially in the study area. The analysis revealed that 90% of the mean concentration of measured parameters were within the WHO’s standard in all the samples, except for Mn (with a value of 0.532 mg/L) and Fe2+ (with a value of 0.88 mg/L) which was seen to be high in five of the boreholes in locations with H-type curves, hence correlating areas of high groundwater contamination to VES stations of the H-Curve type. The high Mn and Fe concentrations in the groundwater of some of the locations, makes the water unsuitable for drinking and may require treatment. Further analysis of the ground water samples, indicated that, Chloride and Sulphate are the predominant anions while, Calcium and Magnesium are the predominant cations in groundwater within the study area.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State

AU  - Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri
AU  - Ebi Okorobia
AU  - Jiriwari Amonieah
AU  - Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo
Y1  - 2024/11/22
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
T2  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JF  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JO  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
SP  - 107
EP  - 122
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9546
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
AB  - The sufficient provision and sustenance of quality water have been of a fundamental consequence in the social and economic developmental activities of humans over the years, especially in Bayelsa state and Nigeria at large, where developmental activities are on the increase. Potable water is essential to humans and animals alike, for personal, communal, industrial and societal uses. This study seeks to investigate the concentration of dissolved minerals, using an integrated approach of VES data and physicochemical analysis of ground water samples in parts of Bayelsa state, south-south Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding was implemented in ten stations and interpreted using IPI2WIN software. The results from the VES interpretation revealed that the area is constituted of four to five geoelectric layers. Four distinct sounding curve types (H, HK, K and KH) were identified; with the H and K type curves being dominant. The dominant curve types show that the area has two main hydrologic regimes (of low and high Iron (Fe) concentration). The results show that in VES stations with K-type curve, the stratigraphy consists of the three to four layers, with varying thickness and corresponding resistivities; with the third or fourth layers identified as the aquifer layer. At H-type curve locations, the stratigraphy consists of the top soil, the clay layer, and the sand layer, which was identified as the aquifer. The physicochemical characteristics of water samples, collected from drilled boreholes in the vicinity of the VES locations of the study area, were analyzed for prominent physical and chemical constituents, including EC, pH, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, SO, NO, and HCO. Physicochemical analysis was achieved using the standard APHA methods and compared with WHO standard. The results showed that the concentration of the chemical constituents varied spatially in the study area. The analysis revealed that 90% of the mean concentration of measured parameters were within the WHO’s standard in all the samples, except for Mn (with a value of 0.532 mg/L) and Fe2+ (with a value of 0.88 mg/L) which was seen to be high in five of the boreholes in locations with H-type curves, hence correlating areas of high groundwater contamination to VES stations of the H-Curve type. The high Mn and Fe concentrations in the groundwater of some of the locations, makes the water unsuitable for drinking and may require treatment. Further analysis of the ground water samples, indicated that, Chloride and Sulphate are the predominant anions while, Calcium and Magnesium are the predominant cations in groundwater within the study area.

VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri

Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

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Ebi Okorobia

Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Jiriwari Amonieah

Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Contact Email
Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo

Department of Physics, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Contact Email

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Amakiri, A. R. C., Okorobia, E., Amonieah, J., Otugo, V. N. (2024). Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science, 9(5), 107-122. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

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ACS Style

Amakiri, A. R. C.; Okorobia, E.; Amonieah, J.; Otugo, V. N. Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Int. J. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 9(5), 107-122. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

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AMA Style

Amakiri ARC, Okorobia E, Amonieah J, Otugo VN. Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. Int J Energy Environ Sci. 2024;9(5):107-122. doi: 10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13,
  author = {Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri and Ebi Okorobia and Jiriwari Amonieah and Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo},
  title = {Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State
},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {107-122},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijees.20240905.13},
  abstract = {The sufficient provision and sustenance of quality water have been of a fundamental consequence in the social and economic developmental activities of humans over the years, especially in Bayelsa state and Nigeria at large, where developmental activities are on the increase. Potable water is essential to humans and animals alike, for personal, communal, industrial and societal uses. This study seeks to investigate the concentration of dissolved minerals, using an integrated approach of VES data and physicochemical analysis of ground water samples in parts of Bayelsa state, south-south Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding was implemented in ten stations and interpreted using IPI2WIN software. The results from the VES interpretation revealed that the area is constituted of four to five geoelectric layers. Four distinct sounding curve types (H, HK, K and KH) were identified; with the H and K type curves being dominant. The dominant curve types show that the area has two main hydrologic regimes (of low and high Iron (Fe) concentration). The results show that in VES stations with K-type curve, the stratigraphy consists of the three to four layers, with varying thickness and corresponding resistivities; with the third or fourth layers identified as the aquifer layer. At H-type curve locations, the stratigraphy consists of the top soil, the clay layer, and the sand layer, which was identified as the aquifer. The physicochemical characteristics of water samples, collected from drilled boreholes in the vicinity of the VES locations of the study area, were analyzed for prominent physical and chemical constituents, including EC, pH, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, SO, NO, and HCO. Physicochemical analysis was achieved using the standard APHA methods and compared with WHO standard. The results showed that the concentration of the chemical constituents varied spatially in the study area. The analysis revealed that 90% of the mean concentration of measured parameters were within the WHO’s standard in all the samples, except for Mn (with a value of 0.532 mg/L) and Fe2+ (with a value of 0.88 mg/L) which was seen to be high in five of the boreholes in locations with H-type curves, hence correlating areas of high groundwater contamination to VES stations of the H-Curve type. The high Mn and Fe concentrations in the groundwater of some of the locations, makes the water unsuitable for drinking and may require treatment. Further analysis of the ground water samples, indicated that, Chloride and Sulphate are the predominant anions while, Calcium and Magnesium are the predominant cations in groundwater within the study area.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Application of VES and Physicochemical Analysis for the Evaluation of Dissolved Minerals in the Alluvial Aquifers of Part of Yenagoa, Bayelsa State

AU  - Arobo Raymond Chinoye Amakiri
AU  - Ebi Okorobia
AU  - Jiriwari Amonieah
AU  - Vivian Nkechinyelum Otugo
Y1  - 2024/11/22
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
T2  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JF  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
JO  - International Journal of Energy and Environmental Science
SP  - 107
EP  - 122
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9546
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijees.20240905.13
AB  - The sufficient provision and sustenance of quality water have been of a fundamental consequence in the social and economic developmental activities of humans over the years, especially in Bayelsa state and Nigeria at large, where developmental activities are on the increase. Potable water is essential to humans and animals alike, for personal, communal, industrial and societal uses. This study seeks to investigate the concentration of dissolved minerals, using an integrated approach of VES data and physicochemical analysis of ground water samples in parts of Bayelsa state, south-south Nigeria. Vertical Electrical Sounding was implemented in ten stations and interpreted using IPI2WIN software. The results from the VES interpretation revealed that the area is constituted of four to five geoelectric layers. Four distinct sounding curve types (H, HK, K and KH) were identified; with the H and K type curves being dominant. The dominant curve types show that the area has two main hydrologic regimes (of low and high Iron (Fe) concentration). The results show that in VES stations with K-type curve, the stratigraphy consists of the three to four layers, with varying thickness and corresponding resistivities; with the third or fourth layers identified as the aquifer layer. At H-type curve locations, the stratigraphy consists of the top soil, the clay layer, and the sand layer, which was identified as the aquifer. The physicochemical characteristics of water samples, collected from drilled boreholes in the vicinity of the VES locations of the study area, were analyzed for prominent physical and chemical constituents, including EC, pH, TDS, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cl, SO, NO, and HCO. Physicochemical analysis was achieved using the standard APHA methods and compared with WHO standard. The results showed that the concentration of the chemical constituents varied spatially in the study area. The analysis revealed that 90% of the mean concentration of measured parameters were within the WHO’s standard in all the samples, except for Mn (with a value of 0.532 mg/L) and Fe2+ (with a value of 0.88 mg/L) which was seen to be high in five of the boreholes in locations with H-type curves, hence correlating areas of high groundwater contamination to VES stations of the H-Curve type. The high Mn and Fe concentrations in the groundwater of some of the locations, makes the water unsuitable for drinking and may require treatment. Further analysis of the ground water samples, indicated that, Chloride and Sulphate are the predominant anions while, Calcium and Magnesium are the predominant cations in groundwater within the study area.

VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  -

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