Sustainable bioenergy production is gaining importance due to its renewability and eco-friendly nature. Bioenergy is mainly derived from various lignocellulosic biomass and organic materials such as crop residues and animal waste, including industrial and municipal solid biowaste. Bioenergy has low-carbon emissions and is versatile, economically sound, carbon neutral and reduces reliance on fossil fuels. It is produced in a way that does not deplete natural resources or damage the environment even does not compete with food production or other important land uses. Bioenergy as a renewable energy source could be used for environmental protection and health security. Shifting from the traditional use of biomass to modern bioenergy can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change, avoid undue burdens on women often tasked with collecting wood for fuel and bring health benefits from reduced air pollution and proper waste management. More importantly, bioenergy can provide employment and income for rural communities in emerging economies. However, it has a few conflicts, is supposed to lead to deforestation, and needs large land spaces to grow biomass. Many bioenergy technologies are still in the development stage. The aim of this special issue is to bring high-quality recent advances in bioenergy research, address its sustainability issues, and its potential for environmental safety and health security. Provide overviews of key advances in theory, promote technological applications in bioenergy production research, and address other emerging and allied issues in this field.